Clinical studies.

Background. The use of visible or near infrared spectral light alone for the purpose of skin rejuvenation has been previouslyreported. A method of light emitting diode (LED) photo rejuvenation incorporating a combination of these wavelengths andthus compounding their distinct stimulation of cellular components is proposed. Objective. To assess the efficacy and local tolerability of combination light therapy in photo rejuvenation of facial skin.Methods. Thirty-one subjects with facial rhytids received nine light therapy treatments using the OmniluxTM LED system. The treatments combined wavelengths of 633 nm and 830 nm with fluences of 126 J/cm 2 and 66 J/cm2 respectively.Improvements to the skin surface were evaluated at weeks 9 and 12 by profilometry performed on periorbital casts.Additional outcome measures included assessments of clinical photography and patient satisfaction scores.Results. Key profilometry results Sq, Sa, Sp and St showed significant differences at week 12 follow-up; 52% of subjects showed a 25%–50% improvement in photoaging scores by week 12; 81% of subjects reported a significant improvement inperiorbital wrinkles on completion of follow-up. The combination red and near infrared LED therapy represents an effective and acceptable method of photo rejuvenation.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16414908/

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are considered to be effective in skin rejuvenation. We investigated the clinical efficacy of LED photo-therapy for skin rejuvenation through the comparison with three different treatment parameters and a control, and also examined the LED-induced histological, ultrastructural, and biochemical changes. Seventy-six patients with facial wrinkles were treated with quasi-monochromatic LED devices on the right half of their faces. All subjects were randomly divided into four groups treated with either 830 nm alone, 633 nm alone, a combination of 830 and 633 nm, or a sham treatment light, twice a week for four weeks. Serial photo-graphy, profilometry, and objective measurements of the skin elasticity and melanin were performed during the treatment period with athree-month follow-up period. The subject’s and investigator’s assessments were double-blinded. Skin specimens were evaluated for thehistologic and ultrastructural changes, alteration in the status of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs),and the changes in the mRNA levels of IL-1ß, TNF-a, ICAM-1, IL-6 and connexin 43 (Cx43), by utilizing specific stains, TEM, immu-nohistochemistry, and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. In the results, objectively measured data showed significant reductions of wrinkles (maximum: 36%) and increases of skin elasticity (maximum: 19%) compared to baseline on the treated face in the three treatmentgroups. Histologically, a marked increase in the amount of collagen and elastic fibers in all treatment groups was observed. Ultrastruc-tural examination demonstrated highly activated fibroblasts, surrounded by abundant elastic and collagen fibers. Immunoh is to chemistry showed an increase of TIMP-1 and 2. RT-PCR results showed the mRNA levels of IL-1ß, TNF-a, ICAM-1, and Cx43 increased afterLED phototherapy whereas that of IL-6 decreased. This therapy was well-tolerated by all patients with no adverse effects. We concluded that 830 and 633 nm LED phototherapy is an effective approach for skin rejuvenation.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17566756/

Light-emitting diode (LED) therapy is an increasingly popular methodology for the treatment of sun damage. Combination use of light wavelengths reported to stimulate collagen synthesis and accelerate fibroblast–myofibroblast transformation may display a composite rejuvenative effect.Objective To clinically assess reduction in sun damage signs following a 5-week course of LED therapy and to assess subject’s perception of the treatment. Methods Thirteen subjects with wrinkles or fine lines in the periorbital and nasolabial region and those presenting Glogau scale photodamage grade II–III received nine 20-min duration light treatments using LED system. The treatments combined wavelengths of 633 and 830 nm at fluences of 126 and 66 J/cm2, respectively. Sun-damage reduction was assessed at 6, 9, and 12 weeks by clinical photography and patient satisfaction scores. Results The majority of subjects displayed “moderate” (50%) or “slight” (25%) response to treatment at investigator assessment. Treatment of the periorbital region was reported more effective than the nasolabial region. At 12-week follow-up, 91% of subjects reported improved skin tone, and 82% reported enhanced smoothness of skin in the treatment area.Conclusion Good response to LED therapy has been shown in this modest sample. Larger trials are needed to assess optimum frequency of light treatments and overall treatment time.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17760698/

Blue and red light combination LED photo-therapy is an effective, safe and non-painful treatment formild to moderately severe acne vulgaris, particularly for papulopustular acne lesions

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17111415/

Combination blue and red LED therapy appears to have excellent potential in the treatment of mild to severe acne. Treatment appears to be both pain- and side effect-free.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16766484/

This study was an evaluation of the performance of self-applied, blue light, light-emitting diode therapy in the treatment of mild-to-moderate inlammatory acne on the face, concerning: 1) time to improvement and/or resolution of the number of blemishes and lesions on the face; 2) quality of skin condition; 3) occurrence and count of the number of new blemishes and lesions; and 4) ease of product use; patient comfort, wellbeing, and satisfaction during the treatment period; and safety of treatment. Subjects (N=21) were included according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria and after they had given informed consent. The blue light treatment was conducted over an eight-week period. For study data management and analysis, SPSS 16.0 statistical software was used. Data management and analysis was performed independently using, where appropriate, ANOVA, student t-test, and Mann-Whitney test for N=20. Tests
were carried out at the ive-percent signiicance level. The conidence interval was 95 percent. Twenty-one subjects concluded the study (18/21 were female and 3/21 were male). Upon the first outbreak of acne, subjects had a mean age of 15 years (range 8–28 years), and 19 subjects had mild-to-moderate acne for a mean duration of 13.1 years. During the study period with self-applied blue light treatment, the total number of comedones on the face had signicantly reduced for the assessment at Day 7 (p<0.019) and at Day 28 (p<0.001). The total number of
open comedones (blackheads) on the face during the treatment period was reduced significantly (p<0.02) for assessment at treatment Day 7 (p<0.005) and for the assessment at Day 28. The total number of closed comedones (whiteheads) on the face during the treatment period, was reduced signiicantly (p<0.007) for the assessment at Day 28. The total number of papules during treatment had reduced signiicantly for assessment at Day 7 (p<0.048) and Day 28
(p<0.005). The total number of pustules during treatment had reduced, but this difference was not statistically signiicant. This was similar for nodules present. Subjects expressed conidence in using the self-applied blue light without the supervision of a doctor. Regarding previous treatments, subjects expressed dissatisfaction and considered self-applied blue light treatment to be better for their condition. Self-applied blue light treatment was reported to be easy and
safe to use.

Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2923954/

Photobiomodulation (PBM) also known as low-level level laser therapy is the use of red and near-infrared light to stimulate healing, relieve pain, and reduce inflammation. The primary chromophores have been identified as cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondria, and calcium ion channels (possibly mediated by light absorption by opsins). Secondary effects of photon absorption include increases in ATP, a brief burst of reactive oxygen species, an increase in nitricoxide, and modulation of calcium levels. Tertiary effects include activation of a wide range of transcription factors leading to improved cell survival, increased proliferation and migration, and new protein synthesis. There is a pronounced biphasic dose response whereby low levels of light have stimulating effects, while high levels of light have inhibitory effects. It has been found thatPBM can produce ROS in normal cells, but when used in oxidatively stressed cells or in animal models of disease, ROS levels are lowered. PBM is able to up-regulate anti-oxidant defenses and reduce oxidative stress. It was shown that PBM can activate NF-kB in normal quiescent cells, however in activated inflammatory cells, inflammatory markers were decreased. One of the most reproducible effects of PBM is an overall reduction in inflammation, which is particularly important for disorders of the joints, traumatic injuries, lung disorders, and in the brain. PBM has been shown to reduce markers of M1 phenotype in activated macrophages. Many reports have shown reductions in reactive nitrogen species and prostaglandins in various animal models. PBM can reduce inflammation in the brain, abdominal fat, wounds, lungs, spinal cord.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28748217/

Photobiomodulation (PBM) describes the use of red or near-infrared (NIR) light to stimulate, heal, and regenerate damaged tissue. Both pre-conditioning (light delivered to muscles before exercise) and PBM applied after exercise can increase sports performance in athletes. This review covers the effects of PBM on human muscle tissue in clinical trials in volunteers related to sports performance and in athletes. The parameters used were categorised into those with positive effects or no effects on muscle performance and recovery. Randomised controlled trials and case-control studies in both healthy trained and untrained participants, and elite athletes were retrieved from MEDLINE up to 2016. Performance metrics included fatigue, number of repetitions, torque, hypertrophy; measures of muscle damage and recovery such as creatine kinase and delayed on set muscle soreness. Searches retrieved 533 studies, of which 46 were included in the review (n=1045participants). Studies used single laser probes, cluster of laser-diodes, LED-clusters, mixed clusters (lasers and LEDs), and flexible LED arrays. Both red, NIR, and red/NIR mixtures we reused. PBM can increase muscle mass gained after training, and decrease inflammation andoxidative stress in muscle biopsies.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27874264/

The IR therapy unit used was demonstrated to be effective in reducing chronic low back pain, and no adverse effects were observed.

Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2539004/

830 nm LED-LLLT successfully brought about accelerated healing in wounds of different etiologies and at different stages, and successfully controlled secondary infection. LED-LLLTwas easy and pain-free to apply, and was well-tolerated by all patients. The good results warrant the design of controlled studies with a larger patient population.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24155549/

The use of LLLT on chronic wounds in a diabetic foot demonstrated efficacy on the progression of the tissue repair process in a short period.

Source: https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pho.2018.4455?journalCode=pho

We believe that the use of NASA LED for light therapy alone, and in conjunction with hyperbaric oxy-gen, will greatly enhance the natural wound healing process, and more quickly return the patient to a prein-jury/illness level of activity. This work is supported and managed through the NASA Marshall Space FlightCenter–SBIR Program.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11776448/

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a syndrome characterised by recurrent depressions that occur annually at the same time each year. We describe 29 patients with SAD; most of them had a bipolar affective disorder, especially bipolar II, and their depressions were generally characterised by hyper somnia, overeating, and carbohydrate craving and seemed to respond to changes in climate and latitude. Sleep recordings in nine depressed patients confirmed the presence of hyper-somnia and showed increased sleep latency and reduced slow-wave (delta) sleep. Preliminary studies in 11 patients suggest that extending the photoperiod with bright artificial light has an antidepressant effect.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6581756/

The clinical improvement of psoriasis, with respect to erythema, in particular after blue light and to alesser extent after red light indicates that visible light treatment could represent a treatment option for psoriasis.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21435024/

UV-free blue light home treatment is safe and improvesPv plaques.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26044167/

The use of the various forms of phototherapy remains an essential treatment option for psoriasis vulgaris.Expertise concerning the mechanisms involved with the actions of therapeutic ultraviolet light and theproper delivery of office-based treatments resides within the specialty of dermatology. New therapies forthe treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis will soon become available which have specific actions on thecutaneous immune system. A better understanding of the known mechanisms of action for ultraviolet lighttherapy makes it appropriate to include this area of treatment with new biologic agents. Photochemo-therapy and various forms for delivery of narrow band ultraviolet B can be used as treatments, either asmonotherapy or in combination with other agents, to effectively treat moderate and severe psoriasis.

To conclude, light therapy is effective for sleep problems in general, particularly for circadian outcomes and insomnia symptoms.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26606319/

Sleep disorders and depression are extremely common in older persons, and in research trials, light therapy has shown some benefits for treating these disorders.

Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3839957/

Blue LED light may be a safe and well-tolerated way to induce repigmentation in patients affected by vitiligo.

Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jocd.15567

While limited by small studies and a lack of standardized administration of phototherapy, the evidence for visible light's effectiveness in managing vitiligo is encouraging. Red light therapy using He–Ne lasers and blue light therapy via LEDs can stimulate repigmentation in patients with vitiligo with minimal adverse events.

Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/phpp.12939?af=R

The anti-inflammatory effects of LED energy at 830 nm and 633 nm have been well documented, as has their use in wound healing. LED phototherapy is easy to apply, pain free and side-effect free, and is well tolerated by patients of all skin types. The promising results of this preliminary studywarrant a proper controlled double-blind study with a larger patient population.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19764893/

In this study UV-free blue light was safe and effective in the reduction of eczema lesions.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27537360/

LLLT of the scalp at 655 nm significantly improved hair counts in males with and rogenetic alopecia.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24078483/

LLLT of the scalp at 655 nm significantly improved hair counts in women with and rogenetic alopecia at a rate similar to that observed in males using the same parameters.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25124964/

The findings of this re-view suggest that LLLT is a promising option for the manage-ment of breast cancer treatment-related side effects. However, it still remains important to define appropriate treatment and irradiation parameters for each condition in order to ensure the effectiveness of LLLT.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27539464/

Hanging white curtains around phototherapy units significantly increases efficacy of phototherapy in the treatment of neonatal jaundice without evidence of increased adverse effects.

Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16877479/

Using LED light of equal irradiance, turquoise- and blue light had equal bilirubin reducing effect on hyperbilirubinemia of neonates